A: On a Unix machine, the operating system variable umask is used. For example, a umask of 022 will create a file with permissions rw-r--r--. If a file already exists, the original file permissions will be retained.

On a VMS machine, the default protection flags can be set for system, owner, group and world in the login.com file with the 'set prot' command. For example:

           set prot=(s:rwed,o:rwed,g:rwed,w:rwed) /default

    The protection flags are interpreted as follows:

           r = read
           w = write
           e = execute
           d = delete